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The National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) was a program coordinated by the United States Geological Survey's Biological Informatics Office within the USGS Biological Resources Discipline. Its purpose was to facilitate access to data and information on the biological resources of the United States, utilizing government agencies, academic institutions, non-government organizations, and private industry. It was terminated 15 January 2012. The NBII coordinated the research output of the biological community into information systems that were easily accessed, by providing organization and a structure that was based on standards. The structure was essentially invisible to the end user of the information, but was vitally important to those wishing to participate by making data available through the system, or those who wished to become partners in the development of new tools, models, and applications.〔Schiller, Nicholas (March 2007) "Internet Reviews: National Biological Information Infrastructure" ''College & Research Libraries News'' 68(3): p. 191〕 The end-user aspect of the NBII was its Web portal which provided access to information, publications, and data from the various data sources "in a seamless, unified portal."〔 ==History== The NBII was an outgrowth of a 1993 National Research Council report titled "A Biological Survey for the Nation", which recommended that the United States Department of the Interior oversee the development of a National Biotic Resource Information System to coordinate information about biodiversity and ecosystems. The report found that such information was "vital to a wide range of scientific, educational, and government uses," but that, unfortunately, most of the information existed in forms that were not easily used. It envisioned a system of distributed databases designed to make the existing information more accessible. The report also suggested that new ways to collect and distribute data and information should be developed. It did mention networking, but not the Internet. .〔Sepic, Ron and Kase, Kate (2002) "The National Biological Information Infrastructure as an E-Government tool" ''Government Information Quarterly'' 19(4): pp. 407-24〕 As a first step, in 1994, President Clinton signed Executive Order 12906, "Coordinating Geographic Data Acquisition and Access: the National Spatial Data Infrastructure".〔("Coordinating Geographic Data Acquisition and Access: the National Spatial Data Infrastructure" Presidential Executive Order 12906 (April 11, 1994) )〕 National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) dealt with the acquisition, processing, storage, and distribution of geospatial (geographically referenced) data. In conjunction with this, but without a presidential order, former Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt renamed the national biotic resource information system as the National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII). In 1996 the Office of Management and Budget Circular A-130, the document which directs the management of federal information resources in the United States, was amended to include the NBII. Funding and support for the NBII did not develop as quickly as the scientific community hoped, and in 1998, the President's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology released a report "Teaming With Life: Investing in Science to Understand and Use America's Living Capital"〔( President’s Committee of Advisors for Science and Technology (March 1998) ''Teaming With Life: Investing in Science to Understand and Use America's Living Capital'' Office of Science and Technology Policy, Washington, DC ), (OCLC 38836916 )〕 which urged that current information technology be applied to the management of science information, and reiterated the findings of the 1993 report. In 2001 money was finally appropriated for the development of the system of NBII networked nodes, though far below the level recommended in the report. In implementing this system, the USGS designed each aspect of the system to focus on a narrow scope (often geographic) or purpose-based.〔("A Closer Look at the NBII and NBII Nodes" ''National Biological Information Infrastructure'' )〕 For example, the ''Southwest Information Node'' focused on desert ecosystems.〔Frame, Michael T. (2002) "Information Science and Technology Developments Within the National Biological Information Infrastructure" ''Science & Technology Libraries'' 23(4): p. 59〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「National Biological Information Infrastructure」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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